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Compendium of Materia Medica, Volumes 1-2
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Título original: 本草纲目
The opening volumes of Li Shizhen’s materia medica introduce classical Chinese medicine, herbs, pharmacy, and natural history.
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Compendium of Materia Medica, Volumes 1-2
Compendium of Materia Medica, Volumes 1-2 presents the beginning of Li Shizhen’s vast Ming-dynasty encyclopedia of medicinal substances. This English edition focuses on the early structure, categories, and classical medical knowledge of the original Chinese work.
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Esta edição se baseia em um texto em domínio público e foi preparada pela BooksWhale para leitura digital.
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Li Shizhen died in 1593, and Bencao Gangmu was first published in 1596. These dates support the public-domain basis for the classical Chinese source text used for this English Volumes 1-2 edition.
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Compendium of Materia Medica, Volumes 1-2
The chronicles say: “By beholding the dragon-like radiance, one knows an ancient sword; by observing the aura of treasure, one distinguishes a luminous pearl.” Thus, such marvels as the floating ping fruit and the rain-heralding shangyang bird cannot be fully understood except by one endowed with heavenly insight. Thereafter, Hua Tuo became renowned for his broad knowledge of natural things, Kang became famous for distinguishing written characters, and Yidun for discerning precious jade; yet men of such ability were still only as rare as morning stars.
Li Dongbi of Qiyang in Chu once came to visit me at my Yanshan Garden and stayed drinking with me for several days. I observed him closely. His countenance was serene, his body lean, and his conversation lively and full of substance. Truly, south of the Northern Dipper, there was no second man like him. When he unpacked his baggage, he had no superfluous possessions, only several dozen volumes entitled Compendium of Materia Medica.
Capítulo de préviaHe said to me:Prévia
“I, Shizhen, am but an obscure man of Jing and Chu. In childhood I was often weak and sickly, and by nature I was slow and dull. When I grew older, however, I became so devoted to the classics and other books that reading them was like eating sugarcane and syrup. Thus I ranged through the books of many schools and gathered material from the writings of a hundred authors. Whenever I found anything useful in the philosophers, histories, classics, commentaries, works on phonology, agriculture, gardening, medicine, divination, astronomy, physiognomy, musical-poetic writings, and the works of various schools, I would write down a few words.
“From antiquity there has been a work called the Materia Medica. From the Divine Farmer through the Han, Liang, Tang, and Song dynasties down to our present dynasty, generations of scholars have long written annotations upon it. Yet the errors, mistakes, confusions, and omissions within it are beyond enumeration. I therefore dared to form the resolve to edit and collate it, and presumptuously took upon myself the authority of compiling and transmitting it. Over thirty years I consulted more than eight hundred authors, and the manuscript was revised three times. Repetitions were cut away, omissions supplied, and errors corrected. The old editions contained 1,518 substances; I have now added 374 more, divided the whole into sixteen divisions, and completed fifty-two volumes. Though it cannot claim absolute completeness, it is broadly comprehensive. I have presumptuously titled it the Compendium of Materia Medica. I beg you for a few words, that the work may be entrusted to immortality.”
I opened the volumes and examined them carefully. For each medicinal substance, the “Correct Name” is set forth as the principal heading, with “Explanation of Names” attached beneath it: this rectifies nomenclature from the outset. Next come “Collected Explanations,” “Resolution of Doubts,” and “Correction of Errors,” giving detailed accounts of places of origin, appearance, and form. Then come “Nature and Flavor,” “Principal Treatments,” and “Attached Prescriptions,” describing the substance’s qualities and uses.
From the most ancient canonical writings down to tales of marvels, whatever is relevant has been exhaustively gathered. It is like entering the gardens of Jingu, where every variety and color dazzles the eyes; like ascending to the palace of the Dragon Lord, where every treasure is displayed; like looking into a vessel of ice or a mirror of jade, where even individual hairs may be counted.
It is broad without being cumbersome, detailed yet focused on essentials. Its synthesis and verification penetrate to the utmost depths, giving direct access to an ocean of learning. How could this be regarded merely as a medical book? It is in truth a subtle exposition of the principles of nature, a comprehensive canon for the investigation of things, a secret register for emperors and kings, and a precious treasure for officials and common people alike. How diligent was Master Li in devoting his mind to benefiting others!
Alas! For long ages inferior jade has gone uncut and red has been confused with purple. This evil has endured too long. To identify the giant bone that could fill a cart, one had to wait for a scholar of Lu; to understand the stone that supported the Weaver Maiden’s loom, one had to consult a diviner. I myself am composing the Yanzhou Zhiyan, and I lament that after such learned works as the Danqian and the Zhiyan, no successors have appeared. How fortunate am I to behold this collection!
It would be useless to hide such a work in remote mountains or stone chambers. Why not have it engraved and printed, so that throughout the world and for generations to come those who, like Yang Xiong, savor the Taixuan may share in it?
Written respectfully by Wang Shizhen of Fengzhou, the Mountain Man of Yanzhou, on the Lantern Festival in the spring of the gengyin year of the Wanli reign.
Capítulo de préviaVolume OnePrévia
Volume One
Sumário
Nesta edição
- 01Full text
- 02He said to me:
- 03Volume One
- 04Materia Medica Works of Successive Dynasties
- 05Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica
- 06Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians
- 07Tongjun’s Record of Gathering Medicines
- 08Leigong’s Medicinal Pairs
- 09Li’s Record of Medicines
- 10Wu Pu’s Materia Medica
- 11Leigong’s Treatise on Processing Medicinal Substances
- 12Tang Materia Medica
- 13In his preface, Kong Zhiyue, Gentleman of the Ministry of Rites, wrote:
- 14General Formulae of Medicines
- 15Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties
- 16Dietary Therapy from the Thousand-Gold Prescriptions
- 17Materia Medica of Dietary Therapy
- 18Supplement to the Materia Medica
- 19Materia Medica of Maritime Medicines
- 20Four-Tone Materia Medica
- 21Abridged Materia Medica
- 22Pronunciation and Meaning of the Materia Medica
- 23Classified Matters Concerning the Nature of Materia Medica
- 24Materia Medica of Food Properties
- 25Shu Materia Medica
- 26Kaibao Materia Medica
- 27Its preface says:
- 28Jiayou Supplemented and Annotated Materia Medica
- 29Its preface states in outline:
- 30Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica
- 31Classified Materia Medica
- 32Separate Explanations of the Materia Medica
- 33Rihua Materia Medica of Various Authors
- 34Elucidation of the Materia Medica
- 35Jiegu’s Pearl Bag
- 36Images and Methods of Using Medicines
- 37Materia Medica of Decoctions
- 38Daily-Use Materia Medica
- 39Materia Medica in Verse
- 40Supplement to the Elucidation of the Materia Medica
- 41Elucidation of Materia Medica
- 42Materia Medica for Relief in Famine
- 43Gengxin Jade Register
- 44Collected Essentials of Materia Medica
- 45Materia Medica of Foods
- 46Materia Medica as a Mirror of Foods
- 47Compiled Materia Medica
- 48Beginner’s Guide to Materia Medica
- 49Compendium of Materia Medica
- 50Catalogue of Ancient and Modern Medical Works Cited
- 51Catalogue of Ancient and Modern Classics, Histories, and Works of the Hundred Schools Cited
- 52Total Number of Medicinal Substances Collected from the Various Materia Medica Works
- 53Shennong’s Principles of Classification in the Original Classic
- 54[Chunyu Yi says:] There are six kinds of patients who cannot be treated:
- 55[Zongshi says:] There are six failures in disease:
- 56There are also eight essentials:
- 57As the Classic says:
- 58It is also said: “Treat opposition directly; treat conformity by contrary methods.”
- 59[Gao says:] The flexible ancient method of taking medicine was this:
- 60How could a single medicine be expected to treat the diseases of everyone?
- 61Therefore Qibo said: “The qi of gentle fire strengthens; the qi of blazing fire weakens.”
- 62Gentle fire generates qi; blazing fire disperses qi—how much more so declining fire!
- 63She then said only: “I have urgent pain below the navel.”
- 64[Zongshi says:] Why do many people today use ancient prescriptions without effect?
- 65Gathering Medicines According to the Six Qi and the Seasonal Products of the Year
- 66Qibo said:
- 67The Seven Types of Prescriptions
- 68Large Prescriptions
- 69Small Prescriptions
- 70Slow Prescriptions
- 71Thus it is said: “To punish where there is no excess is called great delusion.”
- 72Urgent Prescriptions
- 73Odd Prescriptions
- 74Even Prescriptions
- 75Compound Prescriptions
- 76The Ten Classes of Medicinal Agents
- 77Dispersing Agents
- 78[Haogu says:] The Classic describes Five Constraints:
- 79Thus:
- 80Freeing Agents
- 81Supplementing Agents
- 82[Shizhen says:] The Classic says: “Supplement what is insufficient.”
- 83It also says: “In deficiency, supplement the mother.”
- 84Likewise:
- 85Draining Agents
- 86[Congzheng says:] “When there is excess, drain it.”
- 87[Shizhen says:] “Removing obstruction” should read “removing excess.”
- 88Light Agents
- 89[Shizhen says:] It should read: “Light agents can remove closure.”
- 90Heavy Agents
- 91Lubricating Agents
- 92Hence the former is called “stagnation,” the latter “adherence.”
- 93Astringent Agents
- 94Drying Agents
- 95How could only ginger and aconite be considered drying agents?
- 96When dampness is removed, dryness results; hence the name “drying.”
- 97Moistening Agents
- 98[Shizhen says:] The term “dampening agents” should be changed to “moistening agents.”
- 99Liu Wansu said:
- 100In the preface to Lei Xiao’s Treatise on Processing Medicinal Substances, he says:
- 101Even if ruler and minister are distinguished, how could they understand mutual control?
- 102Qi, Flavor, Yin, and Yang
- 103The Treatise on the Correspondence of Yin and Yang says:
- 104Li Gao said:
- 105The Treatise on the Six Seasonal Divisions and Visceral Images says:
- 106It also says:
- 107[Wang Bing says:] The Five Qi are:
- 108Appropriate and Prohibited Uses of the Five Flavors
- 109Qibo said:
- 110He also said:
- 111He also said:
- 112The Five Desires
- 113The Five Appropriatenesses
- 114The Five Prohibitions
- 115The Five Directions of Flavor
- 116The Five Injuries
- 117The Five Excesses
- 118Partial Predominance of the Five Flavors
- 119Qibo said:
- 120Root and Branch, Yin and Yang
- 121Li Gao said:
- 122The Classic says: “From root to branch: first treat the root, then treat the branch.”
- 123The Classic says: “From branch to root: first treat the branch, then treat the root.”
- 124Ascending, Descending, Floating, and Sinking
- 125Li Gao said:
- 126Wang Haogu said:
- 127Li Shizhen said:
- 128Examples of Medication According to the Four Seasons
- 129Li Shizhen said:
- 130Therefore:
- 131The Classic also says:
- 132They call these “seasonal medicines.”
- 133Wang Haogu said:
- 134Methods of Using Medicines According to the Five Movements and Six Climatic Excesses
- 135When Jueyin governs Heaven, in ji and hai years:
- 136When Shaoyin governs Heaven, in zi and wu years:
- 137When Taiyin governs Heaven, in chou and wei years:
- 138When Shaoyang governs Heaven, in yin and shen years:
- 139When Yangming governs Heaven, in mao and you years:
- 140When Taiyang governs Heaven, in chen and xu years:
- 141When Jueyin is at the Earthly Spring, in yin and shen years:
- 142When Shaoyin is at the Earthly Spring, in mao and you years:
- 143When Taiyin is at the Earthly Spring, in chen and xu years:
- 144When Shaoyang is at the Earthly Spring, in ji and hai years:
- 145When Yangming is at the Earthly Spring, in zi and wu years:
- 146When Taiyang is at the Earthly Spring, in chou and wei years:
- 147Li Shizhen said:
- 148How can predominance of the Six Qi be recognized?
- 149Qi and Flavor for Supplementing and Draining the Six Bowels and Six Viscera
- 150Zhang Yuansu said:
- 151Hence it is said: “With grain there is flourishing; without grain there is death.”
- 152Supplementing and Draining the Five Viscera with the Five Flavors
- 153Zhang Yuansu said:
- 154Li Shizhen said:
- 155[When Excessive, Drain It]
- 156[When Insufficient, Supplement It]
- 157[When the Root Is Hot, Cool It]
- 158[When the Branch Is Hot, Release It]
- 159[When Fire Is Excessive, Drain It]
- 160[When Spirit Is Deficient, Supplement It]
- 161[When the Root Is Hot, Cool It]
- 162[When the Branch Is Hot, Release It]
- 163[When Earth Is Excessive, Drain It]
- 164[When Earth Is Deficient, Supplement It]
- 165[Remove Root Dampness]
- 166[Percolate Branch Dampness]
- 167[When Qi Is Excessive, Drain It]
- 168[When Qi Is Deficient, Supplement It]
- 169[When the Root Is Hot, Clear It]
- 170[When the Root Is Cold, Warm It]
- 171[When the Branch Is Cold, Scatter It]
- 172[When Water Is Strong, Drain It]
- 173[When Water Is Weak, Supplement It]
- 174[When the Root Is Hot, Attack It]
- 175[When the Root Is Cold, Warm It]
- 176[When the Branch Is Cold, Release It]
- 177[When the Branch Is Hot, Cool It]
- 178[When Fire Is Strong, Drain It]
- 179[When Fire Is Weak, Supplement It]
- 180[When Essence Escapes, Secure It]
- 181[When Fire Is Excessive, Drain It]
- 182[When Fire Is Deficient, Supplement It]
- 183[When the Root Is Hot, Cool It]
- 184[When the Branch Is Hot, Scatter It]
- 185[When Fire Is Excessive, Drain It]
- 186[When Fire Is Deficient, Supplement It]
- 187[When Root Heat Exists, Balance It]
- 188[When Branch Heat Exists, Harmonize It]
- 189[When the Stomach Is Excessive, Drain It]
- 190[When the Stomach Is Deficient, Supplement It]
- 191[When the Root Is Hot, Cool It]
- 192[When the Branch Is Hot, Release It]
- 193[When the Intestine Is Excessive, Drain It]
- 194[When the Intestine Is Deficient, Supplement It]
- 195[When the Root Is Hot, Cool It]
- 196[When the Root Is Cold, Warm It]
- 197[When the Branch Is Hot, Scatter It]
- 198[When Excess Heat Exists, Drain It]
- 199[When Deficient Cold Exists, Supplement It]
- 200[When the Root Is Hot, Cool It]
- 201[When the Branch Is Hot, Scatter It]
- 202[When Excess Heat Exists, Drain It]
- 203[When the Lower Body Is Deficient, Supplement It]
- 204[When the Root Is Hot, Promote Drainage]
- 205[When the Branch Is Cold, Release It]
- 206Channel-Guiding and Messenger Medicines — Jiegu’s Pearl Bag
- 207Volume Two
- 208Variations and Identical Names of Medicinal Substances
- 209[Five Different Substances Sharing the Same Name]
- 210[Four Different Substances Sharing the Same Name]
- 211[Three Different Substances Sharing the Same Name]
- 212[Two Different Substances Sharing the Same Name]
- 213[Hidden Names Formed by Comparison]
- 214Medicines That Mutually Require, Assist, Fear, or Dislike One Another
- 215[Herbs, Group One]
- 216[Herbs, Group Two]
- 217[Herbs, Group Three]
- 218[Herbs, Group Four]
- 219[Herbs, Group Five]
- 220[Herbs, Group Six]
- 221[Herbs, Group Seven]
- 222[Herbs, Group Eight]
- 223[Trees, Group One]
- 224[Trees, Group Two]
- 225[Trees, Group Three]
- 226[Trees, Group Four]
- 227[Fruits]
- 228[Grains]
- 229[Vegetables]
- 230[Metals and Stones, Group One]
- 231[Metals and Stones, Group Two]
- 232[Metals and Stones, Group Three]
- 233[Metals and Stones, Group Four]
- 234[Metals and Stones, Group Five]
- 235[Insects]
- 236[Scaled Creatures]
- 237[Shellfish]
- 238[Birds]
- 239[Beasts]
- 240Mutually Antagonistic Medicines — Thirty-Six in All
- 241Dietary Prohibitions While Taking Medicines
- 242Contraindications in Pregnancy
- 243Aconite Prepared aconite Tianxiong Wuhui
- 244Cezi Wild kudzu Azalea Cinnamon
- 245Arisaema Pinellia Croton Euphorbia
- 246Genkwa Veratrum Coix seed Weixian
- 247Achyranthes Honey locust Morning glory Magnolia bark
- 248Sophora fruit Peach kernel Moutan bark —root
- 249Madder root Imperata root Dried lacquer Dianthus
- 250Wanru Red arrow Herbal sanleng Wangcao
- 251Euonymus Tongcao Safflower Sappan wood
- 252Malt sprouts Mallow seed Red ocher Changshan
- 253Mercury Tin powder Sal ammoniac Arsenic
- 254Mirabilite Sulfur Shican Realgar
- 255Leech Gadfly Yuanqing Blister beetle
- 256Didan Spider Mole cricket Geshang tingzhang
- 257Centipede Silverfish Snake slough Lizard
- 258Feisheng Zhe insect Chunji Cicada
- 259Chafer grub Hedgehog skin Bezoar Musk
- 260Orpiment Rabbit meat Crab claw shell Dog meat
- 261Horse meat Donkey meat Sheep liver Carp
- 262Toad Loach and eel Tortoise and soft-shelled turtle Crab
- 263Fresh ginger Small garlic Sparrow meat Razor clam
- 264Food Incompatibilities
- 265Li Dongyuan’s General Rules for Selecting Medicines According to Symptoms
- 266Xu Zhicai’s General Rules for Medicines Used in Deficiency
- 267Zhang Zihe’s Three Methods: Sweating, Vomiting, and Purgation
- 268Physicians who do not understand my methods instead slander them. How lamentable!
- 269Vomiting Method
- 270Examining the Materia Medica:
- 271There are eight kinds of persons who should not be made to vomit:
- 272Sweating Method
- 273There are several methods:
- 274According to the Materia Medica:
- 275Purgation Method
- 276According to the Materia Medica, purgatives include:
- 277There are four situations in which purgation is prohibited:
- 278Diseases Have Eight Essentials, Six Failures, and Six Untreatable Conditions
- 279Annotations are found under “Shennong’s Principles of Classification.”
- 280Seasonal Medicinal Substances in the Medicinal Pairs
- 281Catalogue of Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica
- 282Superior Grade: 120 Medicines
- 283Cinnabar Mica Jade spring Stalactite Alum
- 284Saltpeter Mirabilite Talc Azurite Zengqing
- 285Yu surplus grain Taiyi surplus grain White quartz Purple quartz Five-colored halloysite
- 286Acorus Chrysanthemum Ginseng Asparagus root Licorice
- 287Dried rehmannia Atractylodes Dodder seed Achyranthes Leonurus seed
- 288Nüwei Fangkui Ophiopogon Duhuo Plantain seed
- 289Costus Yam Coix seed Alisma Polygala
- 290Gentian Asarum Dendrobium Morinda White nightshade
- 291White wormwood Red arrow Anwei seed Ximing seed Yarrow seed
- 292Red lingzhi Black lingzhi Blue lingzhi White lingzhi Yellow lingzhi
- 293Purple lingzhi Selaginella Indigo seed Miwu Coptis
- 294Trachelospermum Tribulus seed Astragalus Cistanche Fangfeng
- 295Cattail pollen Cattail Dipsacus Loulu Tianmingjing
- 296Cassia seed Salvia Feilian Schisandra Bindweed
- 297Lanyao Cnidium seed Kochia seed Stonecrop Artemisia capillaris
- 298Duruo Adenophora Xu Changqing Shilongchu Caesalpinia
- 299Cowherb Mugui Jungui Pine resin Sophora fruit
- 300Wolfberry Orange and pomelo Cypress seed Poria Elm bark
- 301Sour jujube Dried lacquer Vitex fruit Magnolia flower Eucommia
- 302Mulberry mistletoe Privet fruit Ruiren Lotus fruit and stem Jujube
- 303Grape Raspberry Foxnut Sesame Hemp flower
- 304Winter mallow seed Amaranth seed White melon seed Bitter greens Dragon bone
- 305Musk Bear fat White glue Donkey-hide gelatin Rock sugar
- 306Bee larvae Beeswax Oyster shell Tortoise shell Mantis egg case
- 307Middle Grade: 120 Medicines
- 308Realgar Orpiment Stone sulfur Mercury Gypsum
- 309Magnetite Condensed-water stone Actinolite Lishi Feldspar
- 310Chalcanthite White qing Bianqing Fuqing Dried ginger
- 311Cocklebur fruit Kudzu root Trichosanthes Sophora root Bupleurum
- 312Chuanxiong Angelica Ephedra Tongcao Peony
- 313Lishi Dianthus Scrophularia Gentiana Lily
- 314Anemarrhena Fritillaria Angelica dahurica Epimedium Scutellaria
- 315Shilongrui Imperata root Aster Lithospermum Madder root
- 316Baijiang Dittany bark Ground cherry Zishen Gaoben
- 317Cibotium Dioscorea White rabbit huo Rosa multiflora fruit Baiwei
- 318Weixian Qiao root Duckweed Wanggua Sanguisorba
- 319Seaweed Eupatorium Fangji Moutan Coltsfoot
- 320Pyrrosia Maxianhao Centella Nüwan Wangsun
- 321Shuyangquan Justicia Gardenia Bamboo leaf Phellodendron wood
- 322Evodia Mulberry root bark Elm Immature bitter orange Magnolia bark
- 323Ash bark Qin pepper Cornus fruit Trumpet creeper Zhuling
- 324White thorn Longan Magnolia Acanthopanax bark Euonymus
- 325Albizia Bizi Plum fruit Peach kernel Apricot kernel
- 326Polygonum seed Scallion seed Chinese chive Schizonepeta Water perilla
- 327Water parsley Hair White horse penis Deer antler Ox horn center
- 328Ram horn Male dog penis Antelope horn Rhinoceros horn Bezoar
- 329Pig testicle Milu fat Red rooster Goose fat Soft-shelled turtle shell
- 330—fish shell Snakehead fish Carp gall Cuttlebone Sea clam
- 331Wenge Lizard Honeycomb Cicada Silkworm
- 332Inferior Grade: 125 Medicines
- 333Konggongnie Yinnie Iron essence Iron filings Iron
- 334Red lead Tin powder Tin mirror knob Red ocher Rong salt
- 335Coarse salt Alkaline brine Qinglanggan Yushi Lime
- 336Chalk Winter ash Prepared aconite Aconite Tianxiong
- 337Pinellia Arisaema Iris Rhubarb Tingli
- 338Platycodon Henbane seed Caohao Inula Veratrum
- 339Gelsemium Belamcanda Shehan Changshan Shuqian
- 340Kansui Ampelopsis Celosia seed Huanjun Bletilla
- 341Euphorbia Ze lacquer Yinyu Male fern Raohua
- 342Yazi Azalea Genkwa Guhuo Bieji
- 343Pokeweed Dock Polygonum aviculare Langdu Guijiu
- 344Pulsatilla Carambola vine Nüqing Forsythia Shixia Changqing
- 345Wanru Wujiu Luhuo Paris Shichangsheng
- 346Luying Jincao Niubian Prunella Qucao
- 347Croton Sichuan pepper Honey locust Willow flower Chinaberry fruit
- 348Bush-cherry kernel Mangcao Leiwan Catalpa bark Paulownia leaf
- 349Shinan Huanghuan Soushu Mouse buckthorn Usnea
- 350Yaoshi root Manjiao Luan flower Huaimu Sprouted soybean
- 351Bat droppings Flying squirrel Bat Toad Razor clam
- 352Crab Snake slough Hedgehog skin Wasp Dung beetle
- 353Slug White-necked earthworm Chafer grub Shican Queweng
- 354Chunji Blister beetle Mole cricket Centipede Millipede
- 355Didan Firefly Silverfish Woodlouse Leech
- 356Wood gadfly Gadfly Cockroach Zhe insect Cowry
- 357Old Catalogue of the Song Materia Medica
- 358194 substances “named but unused.”
