The Principles of Psychology

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1. 01Full text
2. 02WILLIAM JAMES
3. 03PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
4. 04IN TWO VOLUMES
5. 05VOL. I
6. 06NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
7. 07PREFACE.
8. 08CHAPTER I.
9. 09THE SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY,
10. 10CHAPTER II.
11. 11THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
12. 12CHAPTER III.
13. 13ON SOME GENERAL CONDITIONS OF BRAIN-ACTIVITY
14. 14CHAPTER IV.
15. 15HABIT
16. 16CHAPTER V.
17. 17THE AUTOMATON-THEORY
18. 18CHAPTER VI.
19. 19THE MIND-STUFF THEORY
20. 20CHAPTER VII.
21. 21THE METHODS AND SNARES OF PSYCHOLOGY
22. 22CHAPTER VIII.
23. 23THE RELATIONS OF MINDS TO OTHER THINGS
24. 24CHAPTER IX.
25. 25THE STREAM OF THOUGHT, 224
26. 26CHAPTER X.
27. 27THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF SELF
28. 28CHAPTER XI.
29. 29ATTENTION
30. 30CHAPTER XII.
31. 31CONCEPTION
32. 32CHAPTER XIII.
33. 33DISCRIMINATION AND COMPARISON
34. 34CHAPTER XIV.
35. 35ASSOCIATION
36. 36CHAPTER XV.
37. 37THE PERCEPTION OF TIME, 605
38. 38CHAPTER XVI.
39. 39MEMORY
40. 40INDEX.
41. 41PSYCHOLOGY.
42. 42CHAPTER I.
43. 43THE SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY.
44. 44CHAPTER II.
45. 45THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
46. 46THE FROG'S NERVE-CENTRES.
47. 47GENERAL NOTION OF HEMISPHERES.
48. 48THE EDUCATION OF THE HEMISPHERES.
49. 49THE PHRENOLOGICAL CONCEPTION.
50. 50THE LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTIONS IN THE HEMISPHERES.
51. 51MAN'S CONSCIOUSNESS LIMITED TO THE HEMISPHERES.
52. 52THE RESTITUTION OF FUNCTION.
53. 53FINAL CORRECTION OF THE MEYNERT SCHEME.
54. 54CONCLUSION.
55. 55CHAPTER III.
56. 56ON SOME GENERAL CONDITIONS OF BRAIN-ACTIVITY.
57. 57THE SUMMATION OF STIMULI
58. 58REACTION-TIME.
59. 59CEREBRAL BLOOD-SUPPLY.
60. 60CEREBRAL THERMOMETRY.
61. 61CHAPTER IV.
62. 62HABIT.
63. 63CHAPTER V.
64. 64THE AUTOMATON-THEORY.
65. 65REASONS FOR THE THEORY.
66. 66REASONS AGAINST THE THEORY.
67. 67CHAPTER VI.
68. 68THE MIND-STUFF THEORY.
69. 69EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY DEMANDS A MIND-DUST.
70. 70SOME ALLEGED PROOFS THAT MIND-DUST EXISTS.
71. 71INSUFFICIENCY OF THESE PROOFS.
72. 72SELF-COMPOUNDING OF MENTAL FACTS IS INADMISSIBLE.
73. 73CAN STATES OF MIND BE UNCONSCIOUS?
74. 74DO UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL STATES EXIST?
75. 75DIFFICULTY OF STATING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MIND AND BRAIN.
76. 76THE MATERIAL-MONAD THEORY.
77. 77THE SOUL-THEORY.
78. 78CHAPTER VII.
79. 79THE METHODS AND SNARES OF PSYCHOLOGY
80. 80PSYCHOLOGY IS A NATURAL SCIENCE.
81. 81THE METHODS OF INVESTIGATION.
82. 82THE SOURCES OF ERROR IN PSYCHOLOGY.
83. 83CHAPTER VIII.
84. 84THE RELATIONS OF MINDS TO OTHER THINGS.
85. 85TIME-RELATIONS.
86. 86RELATIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS TO SPACE.
87. 87THE RELATIONS OF MINDS TO OTHER OBJECTS
88. 88CHAPTER IX.
89. 89THE STREAM OF THOUGHT.
90. 90FIVE CHARACTERS IN THOUGHT.
91. 91CHAPTER X.
92. 92THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF SELF.
93. 93THE EMPIRICAL SELF OR ME.
94. 942. SELF-FEELING.
95. 953. SELF-SEEKING AND SELF-PRESERVATION.
96. 96RIVALRY AND CONFLICT OF THE DIFFERENT SELVES.
97. 97WHAT SELF IS LOVED IN 'SELF-LOVE'?
98. 98MATERIAL. SOCIAL. SPIRITUAL.
99. 99THE PURE EGO.
100. 100THE PURE SELF OR INNER PRINCIPLE OF PERSONAL UNITY.
101. 101THE TRANSCENDENTALIST THEORY.
102. 102THE MUTATIONS OF THE SELF
103. 103SUMMARY.
104. 104CHAPTER XI.
105. 105ATTENTION.
106. 106TO HOW MANY THINGS CAN WE ATTEND AT ONCE?
107. 107THE VARIETIES OF ATTENTION.
108. 108THE EFFECTS OF ATTENTION.
109. 109I. Regular Alternation.
110. 110II. Irregular Alternation.
111. 111THE INTIMATE NATURE OF THE ATTENTIVE PROCESS.
112. 112I take another example, from M. B. Perez:
113. 113IS VOLUNTARY ATTENTION A RESULTANT OR A FORCE?
114. 114INATTENTION.
115. 115CHAPTER XII.
116. 116CONCEPTION.
117. 117THE SENSE OF SAMENESS.
118. 118CONCEPTION DEFINED.
119. 119CONCEPTIONS ARE UNCHANGEABLE.
120. 120'ABSTRACT' IDEAS.
121. 121UNIVERSALS.
122. 122CHAPTER XIII.
123. 123DISCRIMINATION AND COMPARISON.
124. 124THE PRINCIPLE OF MEDIATE COMPARISON.
125. 125ARE ALL DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES OF COMPOSITION?
126. 126THE CONDITIONS OF DISCRIMINATION.
127. 127THE PROCESS OF ANALYSIS.
128. 128THE PROCESS OF ABSTRACTION.
129. 129THE IMPROVEMENT OF DISCRIMINATION BY PRACTICE.
130. 130PRACTICAL INTERESTS LIMIT DISCRIMINATION.
131. 131REACTION-TIME AFTER DISCRIMINATION.
132. 132THE PERCEPTION OF LIKENESS.
133. 133THE MAGNITUDE OF DIFFERENCES.
134. 134THE MEASURE OF DISCRIMINATIVE SENSIBILITY.
135. 135CHAPTER XIV.
136. 136ASSOCIATION.
137. 137THE RAPIDITY OF ASSOCIATION.
138. 138THE LAW OF CONTIGUITY.
139. 139THE ELEMENTARY LAW OF ASSOCIATION.
140. 140ORDINARY OR MIXED ASSOCIATION.
141. 141ASSOCIATION BY SIMILARITY.
142. 142ASSOCIATION IN VOLUNTARY THOUGHT.
143. 143SIMILARITY NO ELEMENTARY LAW.
144. 144THE HISTORY OF OPINION CONCERNING ASSOCIATION
145. 145CHAPTER XV.
146. 146THE PERCEPTION OF TIME.
147. 147THE SENSIBLE PRESENT HAS DURATION.
148. 148ACCURACY OF OUR ESTIMATE OF SHORT DURATIONS.
149. 149WE HAVE NO SENSE FOR EMPTY TIME.
150. 150THE FEELING OF PAST TIME IS A PRESENT FEELING.
151. 151TO WHAT CEREBRAL PROCESS IS THE SENSE OF TIME DUE?
152. 152CHAPTER XVI.
153. 153MEMORY.
154. 154PRIMARY MEMORY.
155. 155ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON OF MEMORY.
156. 156MEMORY'S CAUSES.
157. 157THE CONDITIONS OF GOODNESS IN MEMORY.
158. 158ONE'S NATIVE RETENTIVENESS IS UNCHANGEABLE.
159. 159EXACT MEASUREMENTS OF MEMORY
160. 160FORGETTING.
161. 161END OF VOL. I.
162. 162WILLIAM JAMES
163. 163PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
164. 164IN TWO VOLUMES
165. 165VOL II.
166. 166NEW YORK
167. 167HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
168. 168CHAPTER XVII.
169. 169SENSATION
170. 170CHAPTER XVIII.
171. 171IMAGINATION
172. 172CHAPTER XIX.
173. 173THE PERCEPTION OF 'THINGS'
174. 174CHAPTER XX.
175. 175THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE
176. 176CHAPTER XXI.
177. 177THE PERCEPTION OF REALITY
178. 178CHAPTER XXII.
179. 179REASONING
180. 180CHAPTER XXIII.
181. 181THE PRODUCTION OF MOVEMENT
182. 182CHAPTER XXIV.
183. 183INSTINCT
184. 184CHAPTER XXV.
185. 185THE EMOTIONS
186. 186CHAPTER XXVI.
187. 187WILL
188. 188CHAPTER XXVII.
189. 189HYPNOTISM
190. 190CHAPTER XXVIII.
191. 191NECESSARY TRUTHS AND THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE
192. 192INDEX.
193. 193PSYCHOLOGY.
194. 194CHAPTER XVII.
195. 195SENSATION.
196. 196SENSATION AND PERCEPTION DISTINGUISHED.
197. 197THE COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF SENSATION.
198. 198"THE RELATIVITY OF KNOWLEDGE."
199. 199THE LAW OF CONTRAST.
200. 200THE 'ECCENTRIC PROJECTION' OF SENSATIONS.
201. 201CHAPTER XVIII.
202. 202IMAGINATION.
203. 203OUR IMAGES ARE USUALLY VAGUE.
204. 204INDIVIDUALS DIFFER IN IMAGINATION.
205. 205THE NEURAL PROCESS WHICH UNDERLIES IMAGINATION?
206. 206CHAPTER XIX.
207. 207THE PERCEPTION OF 'THINGS.'
208. 208PERCEPTION AND SENSATION COMPARED.
209. 209PERCEPTION IS OF DEFINITE AND PROBABLE THINGS.
210. 210ILLUSIONS.
211. 211THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS IN PERCEPTION.
212. 212'APPERCEPTION.'
213. 213IS PERCEPTION UNCONSCIOUS INFERENCE?
214. 214HALLUCINATIONS.
215. 215THE NEURAL PROCESS IN HALLUCINATION.
216. 216'PERCEPTION-TIME.'
217. 217CHAPTER XX.
218. 218THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE.
219. 219THE FEELING OF CRUDE EXTENSITY.
220. 220THE PERCEPTION OF SPATIAL ORDER.
221. 221THE CONSTRUCTION OF 'REAL' SPACE.
222. 222FEELINGS IN JOINTS AND FEELINGS IN MUSCLES.
223. 223HOW THE BLIND PERCEIVE SPACE.
224. 224VISUAL SPACE.
225. 225GENERAL SUMMARY.
226. 226HISTORICAL.
227. 227CHAPTER XXI.
228. 228THE PERCEPTION OF REALITY.
229. 229BELIEF.
230. 230THE VARIOUS ORDERS OF REALITY.
231. 231THE MANY WORLDS.
232. 232THE WORLD OF 'PRACTICAL REALITIES.'
233. 233THE PARAMOUNT REALITY OF SENSATIONS.
234. 234THE INFLUENCE OF EMOTION AND ACTIVE IMPULSE ON BELIEF.
235. 235BELIEF IN OBJECTS OF THEORY.
236. 236DOUBT.
237. 237RELATIONS OF BELIEF AND WILL.
238. 238CHAPTER XXII.
239. 239REASONING.
240. 240'RECEPTS.'
241. 241IN REASONING, WE PICK OUT ESSENTIAL QUALITIES.
242. 242M is P; S is M; Therefore S is P
243. 243WHAT IS MEANT BY A MODE OF CONCEIVING.
244. 244WHAT IS INVOLVED IN GENERAL PROPOSITIONS.
245. 245THUS, THERE ARE TWO GREAT POINTS IN REASONING:
246. 246THE INTELLECTUAL CONTRAST BETWEEN BRUTE AND MAN.
247. 247DIFFERENT ORDERS OF HUMAN GENIUS.
248. 248CHAPTER XXIII.
249. 249THE PRODUCTION OF MOVEMENT.
250. 250CHAPTER XXIV.
251. 251INSTINCT.
252. 252INSTINCTS NOT ALWAYS BLIND OR INVARIABLE.
253. 253TWO PRINCIPLES OF NON-UNIFORMITY IN INSTINCTS.
254. 254SPECIAL HUMAN INSTINCTS.
255. 255CHAPTER XXV.
256. 256THE EMOTIONS.
257. 257EMOTION FOLLOWS UPON THE BODILY EXPRESSION IN THE COARSER EMOTIONS AT LEAST.
258. 258DIFFICULTY OF TESTING THE THEORY EXPERIMENTALLY.
259. 259THE SUBTLER EMOTIONS.
260. 260NO SPECIAL BRAIN-CENTRES FOR EMOTION.
261. 261EMOTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS.
262. 262THE GENESIS OF THE VARIOUS EMOTIONS.
263. 263CHAPTER XXVI.
264. 264WILL.
265. 265IDEO-MOTOR ACTION.
266. 266ACTION AFTER DELIBERATION.
267. 267FIVE TYPES OF DECISION.
268. 268THE FEELING OF EFFORT.
269. 269THE EXPLOSIVE WILL.
270. 270THE OBSTRUCTED WILL.
271. 271I per se < P. I + E > P.
272. 272PLEASURE AND PAIN AS SPRINGS OF ACTION.
273. 273WILL IS A RELATION BETWEEN THE MIND AND ITS 'IDEAS.'
274. 274THE QUESTION OF 'FREE-WILL.'
275. 275THE EDUCATION OF THE WILL.
276. 276CHAPTER XXVII.
277. 277HYPNOTISM.
278. 278MODES OF OPERATING, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY.
279. 279THEORIES ABOUT THE HYPNOTIC STATE.
280. 280THE SYMPTOMS OF THE TRANCE.
281. 281CHAPTER XXVIII.
282. 282NECESSARY TRUTHS AND THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE.
283. 283I shall try in the course of the chapter to make plain three things:
284. 284WHAT IS MEANT BY EXPERIENCE?
285. 285TWO MODES OF ORIGIN OF BRAIN STRUCTURE.
286. 286THE GENESIS OF THE ELEMENTARY MENTAL CATEGORIES.
287. 287THE GENESIS OF THE NATURAL SCIENCES.
288. 288THE GENESIS OF THE PURE SCIENCES.
289. 289SERIES OF EVEN DIFFERENCE AND MEDIATE COMPARISON.
290. 290CLASSIFICATORY SERIES.
291. 291THE LOGIC-SERIES.
292. 292MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS.
293. 293CONSCIOUSNESS OF SERIES IS THE BASIS OF RATIONALITY.
294. 294METAPHYSICAL AXIOMS.
295. 295ÆSTHETIC AND MORAL PRINCIPLES.
296. 296SUMMARY OF WHAT PRECEDES.
297. 297I will now sum up our progress so far by a short summary of the most important conclusions which we have reached.
298. 298THE ORIGIN OF INSTINCTS.
299. 299THE END.
300. 300"IMAUM ALI ZADI."