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Hawthorne’s early story collection of Puritan shadows, moral allegory, and New England imagination.

A Scottish adventure of betrayal, flight, friendship, and Jacobite danger after a stolen inheritance.

Twain’s comic memoir of the American West, mining camps, stagecoaches, newspapers, and frontier myth.

A comic travel narrative through Europe and the Holy Land, full of satire, observation, and cultural collision.

Twain’s Tudor tale swaps a beggar and a prince to test justice, power, class, and mercy.

Locke’s foundational defense of natural rights, consent, property, resistance, and limited government.

Defoe reconstructs London’s 1665 plague through observation, rumor, mortality bills, fear, charity, and civic disorder.

Richardson’s monumental epistolary novel explores family pressure, coercion, virtue, reputation, and psychological conflict.

A philosophical tale in which Prince Rasselas searches for happiness, wisdom, vocation, solitude, power, and human limits.

Dickens’s exuberant first novel follows Mr. Pickwick through comic travel, law, debt, friendship, and bustling English life.

A sharp social panorama centered on Becky Sharp, ambition, marriage markets, war, money, and moral performance.

An English edition of the Daoist classic on freedom, transformation, language, dreams, usefulness, and wandering beyond fixed distinctions.

A foundational mercantilist argument about trade balance, national wealth, and early modern commerce.

A mathematical satire that imagines a two-dimensional world and the shock of higher dimensions.

Thomas Paine’s defense of popular sovereignty, natural rights, and political reform in the age of revolution.

Robert Burton’s encyclopedic study of melancholy, medicine, learning, religion, and human temperament.

Adam Smith’s moral philosophy of sympathy, conscience, virtue, and social judgment.

A socialist utopian romance imagining work, beauty, fellowship, and daily life after industrial capitalism.

A hugely influential utopian novel of future Boston, nationalized industry, equality, and social order.

A luminous memory novel of immigrant childhood, prairie labor, friendship, desire, and American place.

A prairie novel of land, family duty, immigrant endurance, and Alexandra Bergson’s hard-won vision.

James’s accessible lectures on truth, belief, experience, pluralism, religion, and practical consequences.

Naturalist short fiction of shipwreck, war, fear, chance, urban hardship, and human endurance.

Washington’s autobiography of emancipation, schooling, Tuskegee, self-help, race, and public leadership.