Fifteen Thousand Useful Phrases

Fifteen Thousand Useful Phrases

Grenville Kleiser

The most powerful and the most perfect expression of thought and feeling

through the medium of oral language must be traced to the mastery of

words. Nothing is better suited to lead speakers and readers of English

into an easy control of this language than the command of the phrase that

perfectly expresses the thought. Every speaker's aim is to be heard and understood. A clear, crisp articulation holds an audience as by the spell of some irresistible power. The choice word, the correct phrase, are

instruments that may reach the heart, and awake the soul if they fall upon

the ear in melodious cadence; but if the utterance be harsh and discordant

they fail to interest, fall upon deaf ears, and are as barren as seed sown

on fallow ground. In language, nothing conduces so emphatically to the

harmony of sounds as perfect phrasing--that is, the emphasizing of the

relation of clause to clause, and of sentence to sentence by the

systematic grouping of words. The phrase consists usually of a few words which denote a single idea that forms a separate part of a sentence. In

this respect it differs from the clause, which is a short sentence that

forms a distinct part of a composition, paragraph, or discourse. Correct

phrasing is regulated by rests, such rests as do not break the continuity

of a thought or the progress of the sense.

GRENVILLE KLEISER, who has devoted years of his diligent life to imparting

the art of correct expression in speech and writing, has provided many

aids for those who would know not merely what to say, but how to say it. He has taught also what the great HOLMES taught, that language is a temple

in which the human soul is enshrined, and that it grows out of life--out

of its joys and its sorrows, its burdens and its necessities. To him, as

well as to the writer, the deep strong voice of man and the low sweet

voice of woman are never heard at finer advantage than in the earnest but

mellow tones of familiar speech. In the present volume Mr. Kleiser

furnishes an additional and an exceptional aid for those who would have a

mint of phrases at their command from which to draw when in need of the

golden mean for expressing thought. Few indeed are the books fitted to-day

for the purpose of imparting this knowledge, yet two centuries ago

phrase-books were esteemed as supplements to the dictionaries, and have

not by any manner of means lost their value. The guide to familiar

quotations, the index to similes, the grammars, the readers, the

machine-made letter-writer of mechanically perfect letters of

congratulation or condolence--none are sententious enough to supply the

need. By the compilation of this praxis, Mr. Kleiser has not only supplied

it, but has furnished a means for the increase of one's vocabulary by

practical methods. There are thousands of persons who may profit by the

systematic study of such a book as this if they will familiarize

themselves with the author's purpose by a careful reading of the

preliminary pages of his book. To speak in public pleasingly and readily

and to read well are accomplishments acquired only after many days, weeks

even, of practise.

Foreigners sometimes reproach us for the asperity and discordance of our

speech, and in general, this reproach is just, for there are many persons

who do scanty justice to the vowel-elements of our language. Although these elements constitute its music they are continually mistreated. We flirt with and pirouette around them constantly. If it were not so, English would be found full of beauty and harmony of sound. Familiar with the maxim, "Take care of the vowels and the consonants will take care of

themselves,"--a maxim that when put into practise has frequently led to

the breaking-down of vowel values--the writer feels that the common custom

of allowing "the consonants to take care of themselves" is pernicious. It

leads to suppression or to imperfect utterance, and thus produces

indistinct articulation.

The English language is so complex in character that it can scarcely be

learned by rule, and can best be mastered by the study of such idioms and

phrases as are provided in this book; but just as care must be taken to

place every accent or stress on the proper syllable in the pronouncing of

every word it contains, so must the stress or emphasis be placed on the

proper word in every sentence spoken. To read or speak pleasingly one

should resort to constant practise by doing so aloud in private, or

preferably, in the presence of such persons as know good reading when they

hear it and are masters of the melody of sounds. It was Dean Swift's

belief that the common fluency of speech in many men and most women was

due to scarcity of matter and scarcity of words. He claimed that a master

of language possessed a mind full of ideas, and that before speaking, such

a mind paused to select the choice word--the phrase best suited to the

occasion. "Common speakers," he said, "have only one set of ideas, and one set of words to clothe them in," and these are always ready on the lips. Because he holds the Dean's view sound to-day, the writer will venture to

warn the readers of this book against a habit that, growing far too common

among us, should be checked, and this is the iteration and reiteration in

conversation of "the battered, stale, and trite" phrases, the like of

which were credited by the worthy Dean to the women of his time.

Human thought elaborates itself with the progress of intelligence. Speech

is the harvest of thought, and the relation which exists between words and

the mouths that speak them must be carefully observed. Just as nothing is

more beautiful than a word fitly spoken, so nothing is rarer than the use

of a word in its exact meaning. There is a tendency to overwork both words and phrases that is not restricted to any particular class. The learned

sin in this respect even as do the ignorant, and the practise spreads

until it becomes an epidemic. The epidemic word with us yesterday was

unquestionably "conscription"; several months ago it was "preparedness."

Before then "efficiency" was heard on every side and succeeded in

superseding "vocational teaching," only to be displaced in turn by "life

extension" activities. "Safety-first" had a long run which was brought

almost to abrupt end by "strict accountability," but these are mere

reflections of our cosmopolitan life and activities. There are others that stand out as indicators of brain-weariness. These are most frequently met in the work of our novelists.

English authors and journalists are abusing and overworking the word intrigue to-day. Sir Arthur Quillercouch on page 81 of his book "On the Art of Writing" uses it: "We are intrigued by the process of manufacture instead of being wearied by a description of the ready-made article." Mrs. Sidgwick in "Salt and Savour," page 232, wrote: "But what intrigued her was Little Mamma's remark at breakfast," From the Parliamentary news, one learns that "Mr. Harcourt intrigued the House of Commons by his sustained silence for two years" and that "London is interested in, and not a little intrigued, by the statement." This use of intrigue in the sense of "perplex, puzzle, trick, or deceive" dates from 1600. Then it fell into a

state of somnolence, and after an existence of innocuous desuetude lasting

till 1794 it was revived, only to hibernate again until 1894. It owes its new lease of life to a writer on The Westminster Gazette, a London journal

famous for its competitions in aid of the restoring of the dead meanings

of words.

One is almost exasperated by the repeated use and abuse of the word

"intimate" in a recently published work of fiction, by an author who

aspires to the first rank in his profession. He writes of "the intimate

dimness of the room;" "a fierce intimate whispering;" "a look that was

intimate;" "the noise of the city was intimate," etc. Who has not heard, "The idea!" "What's the idea?" "Is that the idea?" "Yes, that's the idea," with increased inflection at each repetition. And who is without a friend who at some time or another has not sprung "meticulous" upon him? Another example is afforded by the endemic use of "of sorts" which struck London while the writer was in that city a few years ago. Whence it came no one knew, but it was heard on every side. "She was a woman of sorts;" "he is a Tory of sorts;" "he had a religion of sorts;" "he was a critic of sorts." While it originally meant "of different or various kinds," as hats of

sorts; offices of sorts; cheeses of sorts, etc., it is now used

disparagingly, and implies something of a kind that is not satisfactory,

or of a character that is rather poor. This, as Shakespeare might have said, is "Sodden business! There's a stewed phrase indeed!" [Footnote: Troilus and Cressida, act iii, sc. 1.]

The abuse of phrases and the misuse of words rife among us can be checked by diligent exercises in good English, such as this book provides. These

exercises, in conjunction with others to be found in different volumes by

the same author, will serve to correct careless diction and slovenly

speech, and lead to the art of speaking and writing correctly; for, after

all, accuracy in the use of words is more a matter of habit than of

theory, and once it is acquired it becomes just as easy to speak or to

write good English as bad English. It was Chesterfield's resolution not to speak a word in conversation which was not the fittest he could recall. All persons should avoid using words whose meanings they do not know, and with the correct application of which they are unfamiliar. The best spoken and the best written English is that which conforms to the language as

used by men and women of culture--a high standard, it is true, but one not

so high that it is unattainable by any earnest student of the English tongue.

FRANK H. VIZETELLY.

The study of words, phrases, and literary expressions is a highly interesting pursuit. There is a reciprocal influence between thought and language. What we think molds the words we use, and the words we use react upon our thoughts. Hence a study of words is a study of ideas, and a stimulant to deep and original thinking.

We should not, however, study "sparkling words and sonorous phrases" with the object of introducing them consciously into our speech. To do so would inevitably lead to stiltedness and superficiality. Words and phrases

should be studied as symbols of ideas, and as we become thoroughly

familiar with them they will play an unconscious but effective part in our

daily expression.

We acquire our vocabulary largely from our reading and our personal associates. The words we use are an unmistakable indication of our thought habits, tastes, ideals, and interests in life. In like manner, the

habitual language of a people is a barometer of their intellectual, civil,

moral, and spiritual ideals. A great and noble people express themselves in great and noble words.

Ruskin earnestly counsels us to form the habit of looking intensely at words. We should scrutinize them closely and endeavor to grasp their innermost meaning. There is an indefinable satisfaction in knowing how to choose and use words with accuracy and precision. As Fox once said, "I am never at a loss for a word, but Pitt always has the word."

All the great writers and orators have been diligent students of words. Demosthenes and Cicero were indefatigable in their study of language. Shakespeare, "infinite in faculty," took infinite pains to embody his thought in words of crystal clearness. Coleridge once said of him that

one might as well try to dislodge a brick from a building with one's

forefinger as to omit a single word from one of his finest passages.

Milton, master of majestic prose, under whose touch words became as living things; Flaubert, who believed there was one and one only best word with which to express a given thought; De Quincey, who exercised a weird-like power over words; Ruskin, whose rhythmic prose enchanted the ear; Keats, who brooded over phrases like a lover; Newman, of pure and melodious style; Stevenson, forever in quest of the scrupulously precise word; Tennyson, graceful and exquisite as the limpid stream; Emerson, of trenchant and epigrammatic style; Webster, whose virile words sometimes weighed a pound; and Lincoln, of simple, Saxon speech,--all these illustrious men were assiduous in their study of words.

Many persons of good education unconsciously circumscribe themselves within a small vocabulary. They have a knowledge of hundreds of desirable words which they do not put into practical use in their speech or writing. Many, too, are conscious of a poverty of language, which engenders in them a sense of timidity and self-depreciation. The method used for building a large vocabulary has usually been confined to the study of single words. This has produced good results, but it is believed that eminently better

results can be obtained from a careful study of words and expressions, as

furnished in this book, where words can be examined in their context.

It is intended and suggested that this study should be pursued in connection with, and as a supplement to, a good standard dictionary. Fifteen minutes a day devoted to this subject, in the manner outlined,

will do more to improve and enlarge the vocabulary than an hour spent in

desultory reading.

There is no better way in which to develop the mental qualities of

clearness, accuracy, and precision, and to improve and enlarge the

intellectual powers generally, than by regular and painstaking study of

judiciously selected phrases and literary expressions.

First examine the book in a general way to grasp its character, scope, and purpose. Carefully note the following plan of classification of the

various kinds of phrases, and choose for initial study a section which you

think will be of the most immediate value to you.