The Common Sense of Political Economy

Name: The Common Sense of Political Economy
Author: Philip Wicksteed

Édition BooksWhale en anglais par Philip Wicksteed

An influential economics classic on choice, value, marginal utility, exchange, and everyday economic reasoning.

Aperçu: Extrait du texte préparé
Formats: Lecteur en ligne, EPUB, PDF
Accès: Claim Bibliothèque

Introduction du livre

The Common Sense of Political Economy

The Common Sense of Political Economy presents Philip Wicksteed’s influential analysis of value, choice, exchange, marginal utility, and economic coordination. This English original is valuable for readers of economics history, political economy, market theory, social science, and classical economic thought.

Édition BooksWhale

Préparation de cette édition

Cette édition repose sur un texte du domaine public et a été préparée par BooksWhale pour la lecture numérique.

Base du domaine public

Pourquoi cette édition peut être partagée

Philip Wicksteed died in 1927, and The Common Sense of Political Economy was first published in 1910; these dates support the public-domain basis for this original English edition.

Lire l'aperçu

Extrait du texte préparé

Aperçu sélectionné depuis le texte de lecture préparé.

Chapitre d'aperçuFull textLire l'aperçu

The Common Sense of Political Economy

Philip Wicksteed

" marginal " theory to Economics, but what are the main applications of that theory inevitably demanded by the facts. The general absence of references or acknowledgments, there- fore, must not in any case be regarded as an implied claim on the author's part to a special property in the argument or illustration in question.

But whereas this general explanation will, I hope, clear me from the charge of ingratitude, or worse, with reference to the great masters and the published works on Economics, it cannot absolve me from the duty of registering some few of the personal obligations under which I have from time to time been laid during the many years over which the direct and indirect preparations for this work have extended.

To Mr. Graham Wallas, to Mr. H. H. Cunynghame, and to several members of my own family, I owe criticisms or suggestions which they may well have forgotten, but which have been of decisive importance to the development of my own thought. To very many friends, of whom I will only

mention Mr. H. T. Gerrans of Worcester College, Oxford, Professor Kuenen of Leiden, Mr. James Eigg of the Eoyal Mint, Mr. H. E. Beeton of the Stock Exchange, and Mr. S. H. Davies of York, I owe help and information un- grudgingly given on special points. To Professor Poxwell I am grateful for encouragement and support that have never failed since I first began the study of Political Economy, and to Professor Steffen of Gothenburg I owe a like debt of almost as long standing. To Professor Lees Smith I have to offer my very special thanks for his kindness in reading the manuscript of the First Book and giving me valuable suggestions about it. I need hardly add that not one of these gentlemen is either directly or indirectly responsible for any arguments or conclusions contained in this work.

Other obligations, not less deeply felt, I am, for one cause or another, precluded at present from expressly acknowledging.

Ein jeder lebt's, nicht vielen ist's bekannt. — Goethe.

We are all doing it ; very few of us imderstand what we are doing.

Chapitre d'aperçuINTEODUCTIONAperçu

In the ordinary course of our lives we constantly consider how our time, our energy, or our money shall be spent. That is to say, we decide between alternative applications of our resources of every kind, and endeavour to administer them to the best advantage in securing the accomplishment of our purposes or the humouring of our inclinations. It is the purpose of this book to evolve a consistent system of Political Economy from a careful study and analysis of the principles on which we actually conduct this current administration of resources.

I assume no previous acquaintance on the part of the reader with works on Political Economy, and rely on no- hypotheses except such as the common experience of life suggests and explains. But since the system evolved from them will differ in some important particulars from traditional doctrine it will be suitable at the outset to render some^ account of the relation in which it stands to current or recent economic theory.

On the 1st of June 1860, William Stanley Jevons wrote to his brother, Herbert :

In the last few months I have fortunately strucik out -vvliat I have no doubt is the true Theonj of Economy, so thorough-going and consistent,, that I cannot now read other hooks on the subject without indignation.

Some eight weeks later he spoke of his theory as destined to " re-establish the science on a sensible basis " ; and at last, in 1871, he embodied it in his Theory of Political Economy. Now Jevons's great discovery, like so many others, was nothing but a discovery of the obvious ; for it was the discovery that whereas human wants are sometimes capable of complete satisfaction, and sometimes of gradual assuagement,.

Chapitre d'aperçuBAperçu

in any case the relative urgency with which they demand farther gratification is affected by the extent to which they have already been satisfied. So that a slice of bread and butter is not of the same significance in comparison with other things — the pleasure of smoking a pipe of tobacco, or of going out to look at a sunset, for example — if one has had nothing to eat for several hours, and if he has just enjoyed a hearty meal.

Walras in Switzerland, Menger in Austria, and Jevons in England, were all of them, without knowledge of each other's work, erecting a theory of value upon this obvious but strangely neglected principle, which bases economic thought on the broad experiences of daily life and the psychology of choice between alternatives. All the most noteworthy advances in the theory of Political Economy that have since been made are the inevitable developments of this single principle.

This principle furnishes the clue to all the most intricate problems of the abstract theory of Political Economy ; and I believe that the reconstruction contemplated by Jevons has been carried to a far more advanced point than is generally realised even by those who are themselves accomplishing it. Adhesion to the traditional terminology, methods of arrange- ment, and classification, has disguised the revolution that has taken place. The new temple, so to speak, has been built up behind the old walls, and the old shell has been so piously preserved and respected that the very builders have often supposed themselves to be merely repairing and strengthening the ancient works and are hardly aware of the extent to which they have raised an independent edifice. I shall try to shew in this book that the time has come for a frank recognition of these facts.

My book therefore has two distinct but connected aims. It attempts to start with the reader from the very beginning, and to place a clue in his hands which will lead him, directly and inevitably, from the facts and observations of his own daily experience to an intimate comprehension of the machinery of the commercial and industrial world. And secondly, it attempts (implicitly in the First Book, more explicitly in the Second) to convince professed students of Political Economy that any special or unusual features in the system thus

constructed are not to be regarded as daring innovations or as heresies, but are already strictly involved, and often explicitly recognised, in the best economic thought and teaching of recent years.

It may be convenient here to indicate in advance the main features of the construction thus attempted.

It will easily be shown that the principle laid down by Jevons is not exclusively applicable to industrial or commercial affairs, but runs as a universal and vital force through the administration of all our resources. It follows that the general principles which regulate our conduct in business are identical with those which regulate our deliberations, our selections between alternatives, and our decisions, in all other branches of life. And this is why we not only may, but must, take our ordinary experiences as the starting point for approaching economic problems. We must regard industrial and commercial life, not as a separate and detached region of activity, but as an organic part of our whole personal and social life ; and we shall find the clue to the conduct of men in their commercial relations, not in the first instance amongst those characteristics wherein our pursuit of industrial objects differs from our pursuit of pleasure or of learning, or our efforts for some political and social ideal, but rather amongst those underlying principles of conduct and selection wherein they all resemble each other ; for only so can we find the organic place of industry in our conception of life as a whole.

Having made our preliminary study of the psychology of choice, or the principles which regulate our selection between alternatives, we shall proceed to the special applica- tion of these principles to the commercial and industrial life, and to the characteristic phenomena which it manifests. It is not surprising that our definition of the area of the indus- trial and commercial or economic life should demand some revision when approached from this point of view. If earlier generations of investigators were chiefly intent on sharply defining Political Economy as a separate and self-contained area, and if our present tendency is to regard it as an integral

Table des matières

Dans cette édition

01Full text
02INTEODUCTION
03B
04part of the general life of society ; if former generations were
05action of others what he cannot accomplish directly through
06INTRODUCTIOSr 5
07action, and that market prices are their most characteristic
08acts; so that he is in fact himself, by his own action, con-
09book cannot be regarded as substitutes for each other. But
10BOOK I
11SYSTEMATIC AND CONSTRUCTIVE
12CHAPTEE I
13INTRODUCTOKY : ADMINISTRATION OF RESOURCES AND CHOICE
14BETWEEN ALTERNATIVES. PRICE AND THE RELATIVE SCALE
1514 THE COMMOJSr SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. i
16activity. If we go on to analyse our conception of " waste,"
17actions, and less upon deliberate regulations laid down with
18c
19CH. 1 THE EELATIVE SCALE 21
20particular things, but the price of a number of other things
21particular stall in the market-place, we may therefore add the
22part of a maid. And note, at this point, that the implication
23OH. 1 THE RELATIVE SCALE 29
24actual or ideal, may all be regarded as comparable
25D
26CH. 1 THE RELATIVE SCALE 35
27chapter has been to explain and to illustrate it.
28CHAPTEE II
29MARGINS. DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS
3040 THE COMMON" SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. i
31CH. u DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS 41
32CH. 11 DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS 45
33• D'
34P'
35II
36'■O
37V'
38cc
39O
40P-
41K)
42CH. II
43DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS
44E
45EK. I
46■CH. II DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS 51
47EK. I
48lid.
49<!H. II DIMINISHING PSYCHIC KETURNS 51
50DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS
51DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS
52id.
53id.
54V-
55LIMITING RATE. 9/10
56I
57m
58I
59I
60I
61DIAGEAM TO ILLUSTRATE TABLE L
62OQ
63A
64M
65m
66CD
67CD
680--M
69C5
70O
71m
72m
73M
74'S ^
75''S^
76T
77X
78OO
79O
80CO
81O;'0
82CO
83CO
84-B
85H /
86O
87CD
88M
89m
90m
91A/
92C2
93CD
94DIMINISHING PSYCHIC EETURNS
95DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS
96A
97B
98A
99B
100A
101B
102DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS
103A
104B
105A
106B
107A
108B
109A
110B
111DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE TABLE IIL
112QJ
113..H
114I— 1 L-
115m
116SK
117-U
118T3
119-J
120•V 1
121i.
122--CI
123CH. II
124DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS
125A 601 A
126G
127CH- n DIMINISHING PSYCHIC RETURNS 87
128partially or wholly filled with milk that would have been
129CHAPTEK III
130ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES
131CH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 97
132part of his income will ooze away without his knowing how,
133H
134CH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 99
135particular articles, promontories would just at these points' be
136OH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 101
137OH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 103
138actual distinction in our methods of administration. Coal is
139OH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTKATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 105
140actually command during the next ten or fifteen years, and
141OH. iH ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 107
142OH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 109'
143CH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 111
144OH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 113
145I
146CH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 115
147actually be the same, and there might be less risk of running
148CH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 117
149OH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 119
150CH. Ill ECONOMICAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 123
151CH. in ECONOMICAL ADMINISTKATION AND ITS DIFFICULTIES 125
152CHAPTEK IV
153MONEY AND EXCHANGE
154actuated by the whole range of motives and impulses that can
155particular individual. To these we must now turn, making the
156K
157■OH. IV MONEY AND EXCHANGE 131
158«H. IV MONEY AND EXCHANGE 133
159CH. ly MONEY AND EXCHANGE 143
160L
161CHAPTER V
162BUSINESS AND THE ECONOMIC NEXUS
163acts relating to exchangeable things. If we pushed for the
164M
165action of the " desire for wealth " without at the same time
166action upon the forces and substances of nature. No man, stand-
167chapter we have already incidentally opened our investigation
168actually exist or act in isolation.
169OH. V BUSINESS AND THE ECONOMIC NEXUS 17S
170acting business may be precisely the fact that his motive in
171acting. The transaction then becomes more rigidly " economic,"
172actions of the housewife with which we started. When she
173N
174action between A and B is not that A's ego alone is con-
175actuated by purely egoistic motives in so doing. It would be
176186 THE COMMOISr SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. i
177particular line.
178action of the economic forces is at the service of every man[
179action of economic forces must already have im-
180activity where we should not at first expect it. It is quite
181acts most easily in one direction. The man who gives com-
182acter and dissipate the energies than to build up sound
183actually enabling them to realise ; between the life he contem-
184part of his life mere drudgery ; and yet he may think it
185acted on a point, which it never can, it would not make that
186action of gravitation is constant in direction and magnitude
187action of the medium, they guide us to an actual result, though
188acting separately, and then adding them all together.
189action, to open channels through which they may flow with
190activities. No one can deny the difficulties of the problems
191action of the forces that we endeavour at every turn to direct,
192OH. V BUSINESS AND THE ECONOMIC NEXUS 20^
193part in co-ordinating the efforts of men and carrying on the
194CHAPTEK \I
195MARKETS
196part of his correspondent. It is a purely economic conception,
197actually get. He knows that this is somehow fixed, and that
198CH. VI MARKETS ^19
199actions may be conducted between her and her customer on
200part of the day.' But, beyond this, they would induce
201Q
202MARKETS -^27
203cu. VI MARKETS ' ■ 229
204particular price ; that is to say, they have put a reserve price
205part of her stock, she becomes a purchaser of more. Yet to
206parts may be reversed. The possessor of a stock of any
207236 THE COMMON SENSE. OF POLITICAL ECONOMY Uk. t
208actions that take place under their influence, may gradually
209part in some markets, it is natural that certain „ , ,.
210actual market prices will be.
211CH. VI
212240 THE COMMON SENSE OP POLITICAL ECONOMY bk, i
213part similar to the one we have just examined. The Company,
214K
215OH. VI
216action has not been cancelled by a transaction in the opposite
217256 THE COMMOK SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. i
218part of the wheat for the year will be stored by housekeepers
219actual consumption is maintained by the purchases made at
220CHAPTEE VII
221actions which, although they come under the general law of
222books, or even houses, the same principle applies still more
223actually give to-day a command of commodities which will
224T
225CH. vn INTEREST 281
226actually come into existence in virtue of our transaction, and
227OH. vii INTEREST 283
228CH. Til INTEREST 285
229partly because he will then have larger annual resources and
230actually have to pay for the whole advance that he receives
231CH. vii INTEREST 28&
232U
233cii. VII INTEREST 293
234actually, in the course of days, die from starvation and
235partly by a man's comparative poverty or wealth, partly by
236books, or on hospitalities, or in any other way, could yield ?
237OH. vii INTEREST 303
238X
239partly on the nature of the tastes, desires, and ofacoumuia-
240CHAPTER VIII
241OH. VIII
242actual change in the habit of my bodily functions or tissues
243CH. VIII
244Y
245part of them upon the market without any reserve price.
246oil. VIII EARNINGS 327
247particulars, or to make sure afterwards exactly what he has
248CH. vin EARNINGS 329
249books will sell and what books will not, have been very far
250parts of Wales, and perhaps elsewhere. It is the institution
251on. VIII EARNINGS 335
252CH. VIII
253action of the economic forces. If I am to decide how much
254part of my frame, or the white corpuscle that lives an
255CH. VIII
2562 A
257354 THE COMMOlSr SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. i
258CHAPTEE IX
259DISTRIBUTION. COST OF PEODUCTION
260CH. IX DISTRIBUTION. COST OF PRODUCTION 36S
261action will yield the highest value in the final product.
262actually has to pay (or go without it) by its relative place on
263part of its energies to the more remunerative industry, thereby
264<!H. IX DISTRIBUTION. COST OF PRODUCTION 371
265actual rate at which the concern believed it could afford to
266partly into the form of an epitome of the whole argument.
267cfl. IX DISTRIBUTION. COST OF PRODUCTION 377
268actually does go on without apparent disturbance. All these
269book at different prices, and will even have two copies of the
270particular order ; or he may make an allowance for a suitable
271part. The water that has once passed such a point cannot
272actually satisfied, and where the different commodities and
273BOOK II
274EXCUESIVE AND CEITICAL
275CHAPTEK I
276MARGINS AND THEIR DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION
277402 THE COMMOlSr SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. n
278Book, yet a number oi problems to which no
279CH. I MARGINS AND THEIR DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION 4r05
280actuate him ? And if so, must he not be nearer to doing the
281act up to my convictions ; that is to say, the temptation
282OH. 1 MARGINS AND THEIR DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION 411
283cH. I MARGINS AND THEIR DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENT^IO^ 413
2842 B
285BK. II
286Y
287O
288X
289X
290BK. II
291CH.i MARGINS AND THEIR DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION 425
292Y
293P
294S
295N
296CH. 1 MARGINS AND THEIR DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION 433
297.CH. I MARGINS AND THEIR DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION 435
298CHAPTER II
299ON THE DIAGRAMMATIC METHOD OF EEPEESENTING AKEAS OF
300SATISFACTION AND MARGINAL SIGNIFICANCES ^
301chapter of Book I. and generally to the interpretation of
302THE DIAGRAMMATIC METHOD
303Chapter II. we directly assumed data as to pounds and binal
304actual existence are unmanageably complex and fluctuating.
305BK. II
306S
307±J:::::
308- , , J-^-+^
309[|||||-[||[|[|M
310M
311actually to determine such a curve ? Or, rather (since the
312actually assign to all experiences the values they would have
313ca. II THE DIAGRAMMATIC METHOD 457
314OH. II
315THE DIAGRAMMATIC METHOD
316X
317BK. 11
318Y
319OH. 11 THE DIAGRAMMATIC METHOD 471
320part of the man's whole income.
321CHAPTER III
322ON THE NATURE OF CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION
323actual experience to limit his supply or raise the price of
324OH. Ill CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION 475
325CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION
326CH. Ill CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION 479
327particular commodity but also of the quantity we possess
328OB. ui CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION 481
329CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION
330Y
331CH. Ill CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION 485
332CH. Ill CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION 487
333CH. Ill CURVES OF TOTAL SATISFACTION 489
334490 THE COMMON" SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. ii
335V
336CHAPTEE IV
337BUYEK AND SELLER. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
338actions have been discounted, and which can therefore be
339BUYER AND SELLER. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
340EK. JI
341TO
342m
343M
344[C]
345E
346i
347mm
348m
349m
350BUYER AND SELLER. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
351O 10 20 30 40 50 X
352CH. IV. BUYEK AND SELLER. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
353c
354H
355G
356E
357D
358C
359B
360A
361J
362Q
363N
364M
365L
366K
367J
3682345678 10 98'7 6B4321
369I C
3701-R 1
371A-H 8
372Q
373H
374G
375N
376M
377E
378L
379K
380D
381J
382B
383A
384Q
385H
386G
387N
388M
389F
390L
391K
392I
393J
394D
395C
396B
397A
398i
399i
400A
401B
402A B
403parties to the point of 36 s. Or we might adopt the method
404B
405CH. IV BUYER AND SELLER. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
4061 F
407I
408— J 1 1 /■■
409I
410I
411I I
412/ I
413' I I
414CH. IV
415BUYER AND SELLER. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
416Y
417N
418V.
419BUYER AND SELLER. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
420Y
421i
422N
423X
424N
425OH. IV
426BUYER AND SELLER. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
427Y
428X
429i
430S
431N
432CHAPTEE V
433THE THEORY OF " INCREASING AND DIMINISHING RETURNS "
434OH, T " INCREASmG AND DIMINISHING RETURNS " 529
435OH. V " mCREASING AND DIMINISHING EETUENS " 531
436CH. V " mCKEASING AND DIMINISHING RETURNS " 533
437actually exist. The generalisation, which still seems to pass
438" INCEEASING AND DIMINISHING RETURNS'
439Y
440actualities in the shape of the (objective) value of certain
441actualities. With these limitations a curve (as in Fig. 36)
442538 THE COMMON SEKSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. ii
443" INCREASING AND DIMINISHING RETURNS '
444particular industry, tends to coincide with the abscissa corre-
445actual point reached by the supply, and know what the supply
446" mCKEASING AND DIMINISHING RETURNS '
447— I S
448... -^..-^ ---,- — »-^J _ 1 ^
44920 30 40 50 60 70 X
450CHAPTER VI
451THE DIAGKAMMATIC EXPOSITION OF THE LAW OF RENT AND
452ITS IMPLICATIONS
453RENT
454Y
455A
456Book I. Chapter IX. It would be useless to attempt to
457CH. Ti RENT 653
458CO
459CO
460V
461CO
462ID
463CO
464V
465CN
466BK. II
467M
468O
469M
470O S3
471M-
472cH. VI RENT 561
473OH. Ti EENT 563
474TABLE I.— LAN
475D-OONSTANT AT
476RENT
477U)
478J ° / "
479/ U5 /
480^ IE IT 'o / 41 ^
481/ IB
482/' 1 ! CO
483J / ' 1 '"
484/ 1 CO 1
485-K '"S \-
486' ■***^ 'N.^
487A
488ID
489J
490-1 - Z ■ T
491/ V T
492' M / /^
493CHAPTEE VII
494BANKING. BILLS. CUEBENCY
495A
496-^B
497actual sovereigns, but will simply leave the credit he has
498actions may also be carried on by means of orders to the
499actually in his cash-box in the form of gold ; the rest he
500partnership with gold, as a medium of exchange (but not
501part of their business, to convey the actual coin from one
502part of the country to another, as may be needed.
503act may indeed be determined by a difference of government
504BANKING. BILL8. CURRENCY 591
505B . C
506c
507A,-!« A2
508V /"7
509CH. vii BANKING. BILLS. CURRENCY 593
510actually command. A German merchant who would just not
5112 Q
512OH. Til BANKING. BILLS. CUEEENCY 595
513CH. VII BANKING. BILLS. CURRENCY S97
514bookbinding, jewellery, and so forth. But the goldsmith, the
515bookbinder, the dentist, and others who put gold into their
516CH. vri BANKING. BILLS. CURKENCY 603
517CH. vii BANKING. BILLS. CUB,RENCY 605
518part of our subject.
519part of the gold reserve of the world, and occasions arise on
520partly by contracting its general business and so reducing the
521608 THE COMMON SENSE OF POUTIOAL ECONOMY bk. ii
5222 E
523614 THE COMMON" SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. ii
524books for his own use. They depend on the value that some one
525CH. vir BANKING. BILLS. CURKENCY 617
526books it- is by no means the same thing whether he has a
527618 THE COMMON SENSE OF TOLITICAL ECONOMY bk. ii
528OH. vn BANKING. BILLS. CURRENCY 61&
529actually value the paper as much as the gold up to a certain
530actions will be entered into. The Government, in fact, is in a
531BOOK III
532ANALYTICAL AND PEACTICAL
5332 S
534CHAPTER I
535SAMPLES OE ANALYSIS
536CH. 1 SAMPLES OF ANALYSIS 643
537actually running back, unless arrested, to the origin itself.
538acting in opposite directions. While the retention of rice
539part of those whom my contracted expenditure affects, and
540OH. 1 SAMPLES OF ANALYSIS 647
541648 THE COMMON" SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. hi
542CH. 1 SAMPLES OF ANALYSIS 65
543CH. 1 SAMPLES OF ANALYSIS 653
544actually are some satisfactions or indulgences which in the
545OB. 1 SAMPLES OF ANALYSIS 6
546CHAPTER II
547SOME FUETHEK ANALYSES
548OH. ir SOME f UETHER ANALYSES (
549664 THE COMMON" SENSE OF POLITICAL ECOKOMY bk. m
5503H. II SOME FURTHER ANALYSES 667
551action is, no doubt, ethically and socially justifiable in principle,
552680 THE COMMON" SENSE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY bk. iii
553OH. u SOME FUETHEE ANALYSES 685
554OH. n SOME FURTHER ANALYSES 689
555CH. 11 SOME FURTHER ANALYSES 691
556OH. n SOME FUETHER ANALYSES 69&
557CHAPTEE III
558CONCLUSION
559CH. in CONCLUSION 697
560THE END

Disponibilité linguistique

Autres langues

Aucune autre édition linguistique n'est encore publiée. Cette section les reliera lorsqu'elles seront disponibles.

Demander une autre langue

The Common Sense of Political Economy

Abonnement $9.99 / an · accès claim

Aperçu Rejoindre